- Art and Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

- Art and Music Appreciation - Essay Example The human structure, scenes and still life were naturalistic, with no endeavor to decipher. As a result of this thoroughness, craftsmanship arrived at a stunning degree of portrayal, until the appearance of photography, which did it all instantly. The entryway was available to specialists to accomplish something other than picture consummately: they began communicating conceptual ideas, and addition their own substance into structure. Energizing developments, for example, impressionism, cubism and Dada followed, yet craftsmen needed to know the standards they were breaking. To comprehend the cutoff points they were breaking out of, those limits must be comprehended. Craftsmen today despite everything need to know exemplary shows of point of view, shading, slight and conceal, etc, so as to break out of them in their own particular manner. In that sense, the shows are digging in for the long haul. In spite of the fact that they don't sound that distinctive to my advanced ear, the madrigal by Lassus more likely than not been shockingly clever and perky. Plus, it imitated church music and turned it common, if not profane. Devout individuals tuning in to this music would anticipate quiet cadence and devout words. Rather they get various voices stumbling over one another and interesting words! In moderate Europe of the mid-1500s, it would have been absurd, despite the fact that Lassus was a regarded Maestro di Cappella. I preferred it in light of the fact that the men appear to be grinning as they sang. In any medieval plainchant, you can hear the genuine blessed expectation, similar to: no fooling around, these are God’s melodies. I don't realize enough music to hear if Lassus utilized the Devil’s Interval, a note (C and F#) that was not permitted to be played by the severe church of the time, since it gave individuals an excess of delight. In any case, I imagine th at came later, after about another 200

Sex Selective Abortions free essay sample

Evaluation Component 2: Issues Analysis Stage Two Women’s Studies The issue of sex particular premature births is intelligent of women’s second rate status all through contemporary Indian culture. Woman's rights and women’s rights have brought about premature birth rights all through numerous nations, which are thought to profit womanhood for a scope of reasons. Nonetheless, in creating nations, for example, India, premature birth rights are fortifying the man controlled society that has mistreated ladies for many decades, through the act of sex specific premature births. Verifiably, child inclination has existed all through the whole nation, is as yet a developing phenomenon.This marvel, alongside fetus removal rights, has brought about an expanding number of ladies who decide to or are compelled to submit female foeticide. Despite the fact that varieties in male to female proportions endure all through various locale, the normal proportion of 933 females to eac h 1000 males[1] in India demonstrates net infringement of women’s rights, while making it clear that female foeticide is a critical issue. We will compose a custom paper test on Sex Selective Abortions or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The end of a female dependent on her sexual orientation isn't just ethically unsuitable, yet additionally speaks to the sex predisposition and absence of equivalent rights and open doors for ladies in India.These premature births speak to and fortify downgrading of young ladies and further dig in sex partialities. [2] Many segment and financial components influence the recurrence of sex choice. These premature births have various ramifications for the whole Indian culture, particularly for the ladies. Lawful and women's activist reactions have not been satisfactory enough to altogether diminish this training, in this way, extra mindfulness is vital. Ostensibly, one of the central point that influence the pervasiveness of sex specific premature births in India is child preference.Son inclination is inspired by social, financial, social and strict wants and standards that favor guys over females. Inclination of children is profoundly established inside the structure of Indian culture and exists for a scope of various reasons. [3] Firstly, daughters’ virtuousness must be secured and reasonable spouses must be found. Abusive behavior at home, preference, abuse and lack of respect are generous issues inside marriage, in which ladies are generally powerless. Outrageous instances of brutality that can even prompt passing through practices, for example, ‘bride burning’ are frequently executed in local conflicts.Therefore, guardians face extra pressure and trouble in finding a suitable spouse. Universalisation of the little family is one more factor that has without a doubt exacerbated child inclination. The Indian government has embraced populace control quantifies by advancing a decrease in family size. Mottos, for example, â€Å"Hum do, humare do† (We are two, and we will have two) energize a two youngster family. [4] Most families by and large want to have in any event one male kid and since couples now just have constrained possibilities at delivering a male, sex-determinative tests and sex-particular premature births have gotten increasingly pervasive. 5] Moreover, little girls are commonly not monetarily autonomous and don't financially add to the family or bolster guardians in their mature age, while children are compared with monetary security. Albeit an ascent in education rates has as of late lead to more ladies increasing monetary significance, customary Indian culture keeps on crediting ladies to the private circle. Wealthier families lean toward ladies not to work since this is viewed as an image of societal position and financial success. [6] Also, the man centric nature of Indian culture permits just children to acquire property and the family name.Dowry, a trai ning in India where the female’s guardians must furnish the groom’s family with a huge whole of cash upon marriage, further rouses child inclination. The act of share is socially legitimized as the last cost that a daughter’s guardians must bear, as she turns into the duty of her better half after marriage. Signs around the nation that publicize sex assurance state ‘It is smarter to pay 500 Rs now than 50,000 Rs later’. [7] Prospective guardians are urged to prematurely end female hatchlings so as to maintain a strategic distance from the installment of dowry.Dr Amrit Sethi summarized the circumstance by expressing ‘The day grooms become accessible without a robust sticker price joined to them, female foeticide will end. ’[8] It is generally accepted that financial status considerably affects the commonness of sex specific premature births. Because of monetary burdens related with bringing forth a female, it appears to be increasingly sensible for country, uneducated and less fortunate ladies to have higher contrasts between the male to female proportion, demonstrating higher event of female foetic ide.

Summer 2010 Internship Post 1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer 2010 Internship Post 1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog All MIA and MPA students at SIPA complete thirty weeks of professional development during their two year program.   Fifteen weeks is comprised of an internship and fifteen weeks is comprised of a group project referred to as a workshop or capstone project.   SIPA offers no summer classes and this allows our students the opportunity to complete their full time internship anywhere in the world. There are several SIPA students working in the Admissions Office this year and I have asked each one of them to write about their summer internship experience.   This first entry was written by Sawako Sonoyama, an MIA student concentrating in Economic and Political Development.   Look for more entries on this topic in the near future. __________________________ My summer internship was with the Mae Fah Luang Foundation (MFLF) in Northern Thailand. The MFLF was established under the patronage of Her Royal Highness the Princess Mother who wished to promote development programs that focused on economic and social growth. There are numerous development projects in Thailand, the Union of Myanmar, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Republic of Indonesia, and I was stationed in the Doi Tung project area, near Chiang Rai. The Doi Tung Development Project is on its 23rd year of a 30-year development plan. The Foundation’s final goal is to transfer the ownership of the project to the local people. My internship’s objective was to analyze the transfer of ownership of the business units and its management and leadership from the organization to the local people. With a team of four graduate students and two Thai undergraduate students, we examined the current structure of the business, organizational structure, and local government in all their dimensions through first hand interviews with relevant stakeholders. The team also conducted research on existing models and examples of organizational transfer from throughout the world. Drawing from these models, we assessed and proposed appropriate institutional, financial, managerial framework and organizational structures to transfer any or all the social enterprises. We also examined what kind of capacity building is needed to develop local leadership which will enable them to take over the activities based on the proposed plan. Finally, we raised some key overarching issues for the transfer plan and emphasized the importance of institutionalizing the MFLF philosophy to the Doi Tung area. Of all of the various knowledge I gained from MFLF, the most interesting was learning about this MFLF philosophy. The MFLF philosophy and development approach are based on the values of His Royal Highness King Bhumibol Adulyadej and his mother, the Princess Mother. The King believed that the people and nature must co-exist in harmony and each step in development should be holistic, integrated, and people-centric. Understanding that the root problem of the region was poverty and lack of opportunity, they worked on providing the basic needs of health, livelihood, and education. The King inherently understood that development takes a long time, and proposed a thirty-year plan. A development project that lasts thirty years is unheard of in U.S. agencies. Because the project has a thirty year time line, the Foundation is very patient and slowly builds relationship with the aid recipient. Following its people-centric philosophy, the Foundation’s every step starts from learning from the people to understand their lifestyle. They hold large meetings, small focus groups, and individual chats to gradually win the trust and support from the local people. Even the Executive Director will personally go knocking on people’s doors to get to know them. Their approach is extremely humble. The MFLF hopes to spread these philosophies to development practices in the West. As an American intern in this Foundation, I believe that one of my duties is to help with that dissemination. I hope to carry on many of the foundation’s values: to become a humble development practitioner that can learn from and truly understand the lives and needs of the local people.

The Physical Effects of Music Essay - 1157 Words

Music can be a big influence on the life of a person. To some people, music can tell a story. It inspires creations, and influences behaviors. Artists can use music to express themselves through. Different music styles and eras relate to different cultures and time periods. What some people are not aware of, though, is that music also influences a person physically. Listening to and playing music can improve brain efficiency and health; therefore, children should be exposed to music at a young age. During an experiment, subjects were exposed to classical music and silence. Afterwards, subjects took a spatial IQ test. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, which measure brain wave activity, were made prior to and after the test. The†¦show more content†¦The brain uses neurotic pulses to process thoughts and to create body functions. Music training also produces long-term modifications in underlying neural circuitry, even regions not primarily concerned with music (Rauschner 1 ). These modifications help to improve brain fuctions. Listening to music can excite the firing patterns of these neurotic pulses, especially those involved with spatial reasoning, improving cognitive ability tasks. Some of these neurotic pulses, when recorded and turned to sound, even have many similarities to baroque, new age and Eastern music (Lerch 3), some of the most important music eras. Spatial-temporal firing patterns of interconnected neuron groups have the ability to find and recognize patterns in pulses and can be strengthened by learning (Rauschner 1). The synchronization of these patterns into specific temporal sequences have allowed for the performance of other more complicated spatial tasks, such as the ones that use spatial-temporal reasoning (add source ). The Mozart Effect is a widely researched theory, which indicates that music enhances the spatial portion of the brain. Many researchers have shown evidence that listening to certain Mozart pieces, such as his So nata in D, improve the brain’s functions (Lerch 5). The improvement of spatial IQ is one major effect of music. Spatial IQ measures the performanceShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Music On Mental And Physical Development Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesMany people have done research on infants and children to see what effect music has on mental and physical development. Jeanne Akin is a professor who has research that shows having musical activities aids in developing children s intellect and highly improves the listening skills of students and therefore lead to students more interested in academics and learning. She believes that a curriculum that is music-enriched can be a factor in higher skill development and in raising IQ scores. FrancesRead MoreThe Effects of Listening to Music on Physical Performance Essay2489 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Music is a very fascinating universal phenomenon. Almost everyone likes some sort of music, whether it be the twang of a country song or the intensity of a German rap. Music has the ability to completely change the mood of a situation. It has extensively been investigated and used as a form of therapy for the mind. Therefore it would be interesting to see if it had any impact on a person’s physical ability as well. Music has been suggested to affect the body’s physiological patternsRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On Society1080 Words   |  5 PagesMusic can produce many effects, mental and physical, in listeners and participants. Cultures throughout history have recognized these effects and used music for healing, productivity, and socialization. Currently different aspects that affect individuals’ chemistry, development, and performance are being studied. The placebo effect, a common mind over matter concept, will be looked at in its relation to music. The chemistry behind music is not as revolutionary as one might assume. For simplicityRead MoreWhy Do People Listen With Music Before Exercise Or Participating? Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes if they listen to music before competing, almost every one of them will reply with a definite yes. Music has its place in sports and brings a certain culture to sports that seems to grow every year. Why do people listen to music before exercise or participating in competition? Does it give athletes an edge? Does it help athletes to focus, or perform better? This is a question that has brought countless research. My personal opinion is yes, it does optimize physical performance as well as mentalRead MoreThe Power of Music Therapy Essay examples1013 Words   |  5 Pagesyour eyes? Or how music allows you to recall a specific memory of your past? Well others have thought of the same questions and actually have been able to harness the power of music and direct it toward healthcare. T his practice is known today as Music Therapy. Music Therapy is the prescribed use of music and music related techniques to assist and motivate a person towards specific, nonmusical goals. Music therapists use their training to effect changes in the cognitive, physical, communication,Read MoreMusic: the Medicine of the Mind784 Words   |  4 PagesMusic can have effects on the human brain that are hard to exaggerate. For instance, a mere snippet of song can trigger one’s memories so vividly. A tune can induce emotions ranging from unabashed joy to deep sorrow and can drive listeners into states of patriotic fervour or religious frenzy--to say nothing of its legendary ability to soothe the savage beast. The study of how music affects the mind and the interconnection between music and the physical and mental health of human beings has been aRead MoreThe Flavored Of Music And Exercise1668 Words   |  7 PagesConcoction of Music and Exercise Music has a greater impact in our lives than we realize. Music is everywhere we go and is listened to on a daily basis, which affects us in different ways. Music is incorporated into different aspects of living such as a work environment, sports games, while studying, in the car, or while doing exercise. Incorporating music into exercise has been proven to make exercising in any environment more fun, boost one’s mood, increasing motivation, and varying heart rateRead MoreHow Should We Teach?1190 Words   |  5 PagesHow Should We Teach? : A Comprehensive Outlook on Why We Should Teach Elementary Music Education According to Students’ Abilities and Backgrounds. In the book Elementary Music Education by Frances Wright, he lists the characteristics of a good music educator. There he lists how teachers should respect their students and their needs. Most of the list is comprised on how teachers should put the needs of their students first, and make them feel like they have a sense of accomplishment. I could not agreeRead MoreEssay about Informative Speech Outline About Music809 Words   |  4 Pages Specific Purpose: My audience will learn why music is healthy and beneficial to your health Thesis Statement: Music is an essential part of our lives and is important to the development and health of your body. Introduction I. Attention Getter: (Start speech by playing music, turning lights off, dancing a little?) So we all listen to music, it’s apart of our everyday lives. I don’t think I’ve ever met anyone who said they cant stand music.. and if I ever did I would call them out for lyingRead MoreEssay about Music As Therapy1222 Words   |  5 PagesMusic As Therapy There was never a question in my mind that music possesses a strong element to help people. It has always been a stress reliever in my life. There is research that supports the belief that music is an instrumental part or impact on a wider realm of physical and mental disorders or disabilities. Music is known to set the mood or atmosphere for all types of situations. There is extensive research completed on this subject. Just take a look around. When you look at a movie it is

The Differences Between The And The Method Of The...

4.5 EBLUP In our model (1.1), Z_i b Ì‚_i reflects the difference between the predicted responses in the i-th subjects and the population average. Thus, b Ì‚ verse subject indices can be used for identifying the outlying subjects. To assess the sensitiveness of subjects to the homogeneity of the covariance matrices of the random effects, Nobre and Singer develop the method of influence methods from Cook (1986). The idea is to put some weights to the var(b), i.e. var(b) = WG and then calculate |dmax|, which is the normalized eigenvector associated with the direction of largest normal curvature of the influence graph under a perturbation of the covariance matrix of the random effects (for detail, see appendix or Cook (1986)). First, we need†¦show more content†¦ÃŽ ¸_j ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) +(y-XÃŽ ²)^T V^(-1) (∂^2 V)/(∂Î ¸_k ∂Î ¸_j ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) -(y-XÃŽ ²)^T V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_j ) V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_k ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) +tr(V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_k ) V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_j ))-tr(V^(-1) (∂^2 V)/(∂Î ¸_k ∂Î ¸_j ))} = 1/2{-(y-XÃŽ ²)^T V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_k ) V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_j ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) -(y-XÃŽ ²)^T V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_j ) V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_k ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) +tr(V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_k ) V^(-1) ∂V/(∂Î ¸_j ))} as (∂^2 V)/(∂Î ¸_k ∂Î ¸_j ) = 0 k, j = 1, †¦, q ∂V/(∂Î ¸_i ) = [ââ€"  (ZWGZ^TÃŽ ¸_i=ã€â€"ÏÆ'^2ã€â€"_subject@IÃŽ ¸_i=ÏÆ'^2 )] The next step is to find the second derivative of l(ÃŽ ¸|W) with respect to w and ÃŽ ¸ evaluated at evaluated at ÃŽ ¸ = ÃŽ ¸ Ì‚ and w = w0: (∂^2 l(ÃŽ ¸|w))/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i ) = 1/2{-(y-XÃŽ ²)^T ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ) ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂Î ¸_i ) V^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) +(y-XÃŽ ²)^T ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i ) ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) -(y-XÃŽ ²)^T ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂Î ¸_i ) ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ) ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (y-XÃŽ ²) +tr(ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ) ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂Î ¸_i ))-tr(ã€â€"V_wã€â€"^(-1) (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i ))} evaluated at ÃŽ ¸ = ÃŽ ¸ Ì‚ and w = w0 = I, i = 1, †¦, q, j = 1, †¦, q (∂V_w)/(∂Î ¸_i ) = [ââ€"  (ZWGZ^TÃŽ ¸_i=ã€â€"ÏÆ'^2ã€â€"_subject@IÃŽ ¸_i=ÏÆ'^2 )] (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i ) = ∂/(∂w_j ) [ââ€"  (ZWGZ^Tã€â€"ÏÆ'^2ã€â€"_subject@IÏÆ'^2 )] = [ââ€"  (Z ∂W/∂w GZ^T0@00)] (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ) = [ââ€"  (0†¦0@â‹ ®1_(j,j)â‹ ®@0†¦0)] Finally, we can calculate F ̈_i and get the largest absolute eigenvalue, |dmax| for every subject i: F ̈_i = (∂V_w)/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i )*(∂^2 l(ÃŽ ¸))/(∂Î ¸_k ∂Î ¸_j )*(∂V_w)/(∂w_j ∂Î ¸_i ) |dmax| = The largest absolute eigenvalue of F ̈_i for i-th subject Plotting |dmax| verse

China and the World Suffer from the Use of Nonrenewable...

As the world population, the use of nonrenewable resources, and development of industrial technology continues to grow, the more harmful air pollution gets. Air pollution is caused by all of these factors, and more. While fossil fuel sources continue to diminish, there is an increasing interest in the use of renewable technologies, such as the air, water, and sun. China is one of the many countries in the world suffering from air pollution due to household and industrial use of fossil fuels and a massive population. Air pollution also has many negative impacts on human health and the environment. Although there are many solutions to these problems, it is the matter of the people and government knowing about these problems and solutions and†¦show more content†¦The massive building and production of cement cause dust and other harmful particles to submerge into the urban cities of Albania. Urban wastes and water pollution are a serious health threat to the urban population. Despite Albania’s rich sources of water, the pollutant discharges are causing lack of freshwater in the cities, only 60% of the population have access to a drinking water supply. Sanitation has been a problem in the country for a long time. The poor state of sewage collection and systems cause contamination to both drinking water and soil. There is a large amount of sickness associated with the water pollution. The levels of shigellosis and typhoid fever are very high in Albania; and the monthly statistics of food and waterborne diseases show that shigellosis infections linger in the country throughout the year. It is also estimated that each year 500 deaths in the city are caused by air and water pollution. The immense usage of cars and vehicles also propose a large threat to air pollution and the health of the population. In spite of the air pollution in Albania being caused mostly by outdoor issues, such as cars and industrial plants; there are still problems involving indoor air quality in Albania. Out of the 12 schools monitored by the WHO pilot surveys, the results conclude that the biggest concern is low temperature and poor ventilation especially during the winter.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Oil Crisis1508 Words   |  7 PagesWhenever we talk about world energy source issues, everyone shows concern because the oil prices are increasing all the time. In addition, energy sources are depleting and will be exhausted one day. This phenomenon is called â€Å"the global oil crisis†. According to a theory by King (1956), all nations around the world will face an oil production crisis following a bell shaped curve based on the limits of exploitability and market pressure. Of course, not every nation will be faced with â€Å"Peak Oil†, itRead MoreResearh Paper- Energy Crisis4176 Words   |   17 Pagesa nation suffers from a disruption of energy supplies connected by increasing energy prices that threaten economic and national security. At the moment, there is an increasing worldwide demand for electrical power and transportation, both which depend mostly on fossil fuels, such as oil products. Because the population and new technology is always expanding, demand for energy is expected to increase year by year. With ninety percent of the world’s oil reserves already discovered (World Energy Crisis)Read More The Need for Available Contraceptives Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesConsidering that the world’s resources are already being stretched to sustain the current population a high birth rate will be catastrophic if if is allowed to continue. This population boom must be stopped in order to ensure that future generations can experience the standards of living we enjoy today. Though the high birth rate is mainly due to developing countries, all of humanity m ust work together to overcome it. Hope for the future is only possible if the developed world supports the effort withRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesmanner. D) It is defined as the field that deals with planning and managing a business at the highest level of corporate hierarchy. E) It occurs when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the means of achieving desired responses from other parties. Answer: E Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 4) A social definition of marketing says ________. A) effective marketing requires companies to remove intermediaries to achieve a closer connection with direct consumers

Task Explain what act 1 scene 7 tells us about Essay Example For Students

Task: Explain what act 1 scene 7 tells us about Essay the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What is troubling Macbeth at the beginning of the scene and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to go through with the murder of Duncan?William ShakespeareTask: Explain what act 1 scene 7 tells us about the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What is troubling Macbeth at the beginning of the scene and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to go through with the murder of Duncan? My aim in this essay is to explain what Act 1, scene 7 tells us about the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and what troubles does Macbeth come across and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to murder King Duncan. The purpose that Shakespeare wrote act 1, scene 7, is to notify the audience more about Macbeths and Lady Macbeths feeling and thoughts about murdering King Duncan. For example, when Macbeth leaves the dinner table, deciding on what he should do, he is worried and is having second thoughts on whether to murder him, Lady Macbeth stirs up Macbeths spirit s and manipulates his mind. When Lady Macbeth says When you durst do it, then you were a man. Lady Macbeth is manipulating his mind. Before this scene, we are told that the king Duncan hears good news of the Norway battle. On the way home Macbeth and Banquo meet three witches who tell Macbeth that he will become king and will be Thane of Cawdor. The belief from the three witches led Macbeth to write a letter to Lady Macbeth to tell her the exciting news. The bravery and courageousness in the battle of the Norwegian army by Macbeth, led the king to reward Macbeth Thane of Cawdor. After act 1 scene 7, Macbeth becomes king by the death of Duncan. Act 1 scene 7, plays an important part of the play because in this scene Macbeth can not control him self, of knowing what he will do. First, as I am a kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host Macbeth knows that he should not kill the king instead he should protect him, but in the other hand he could be king and do anything he wishes. The character of Macbeth in act 1 scene 7, tells the readers that Macbeth is weak and that his wife is the dominant figure in their conjugal relationship. Before this scene Macbeth was portrayed as a courageous and powerful warrior. We also established that Macbeth is greedy and famished of getting power to be king, but in this scene the conscious and fear troubles Macbeth of killing Duncan. In my opinion Macbeth is torn between two options, one being that if he murders King Duncan, he will please his wife. The other option being that if he does not kill the King his wife will insult his coward ness. In this scene Macbeth is having second thoughts of killing King Duncan. When Macbeth is deciding whether he should murder King Duncan or not, Lady Macbeth comes and uses her manipulative ways to persuade Macbeth to go ahead in murdering the King. Macbeths greed of becoming king in order to inherit the power of the monarchy and the persuasion of his manipulative wife, leads to Macbeth mur dering King Duncan. When at first Macbeth was introduced in the play, he was portrayed as an honest and truthful man who was a close friend of the king. Who will expect a man who protects the king so solemnly will kill him cold blooded? Before act 1 scene 7, Lady Macbeth was recognized as an honourd hostess. The love that follows us sometimes is our trouble Herein I teach you how you shall bid God yield us for your pains and thank us for your trouble. In this part of the scene Lady Macbeth is portrayed as an honourable and innocent woman. .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .postImageUrl , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:hover , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:visited , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:active { border:0!important; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:active , .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67efa14f2bd75ca6488c0bac221d103c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: School Management System Information education-related EssayAfter act 1 scene 7, Lady Macbeth helps Macbeth kill King Duncan by drugging the two guards in order to show that the guards killed the king. Further on in the story, Lady Macbeth dies by the cause of her guilty conscious of murdering the King. In act 1 scene 7, Lady Macbeth changes into a role where she becomes self-centred and malicious. She only wants power and control. Being the dominated one in her relationship is still not enough for her. The words and actions that were said by Lady Macbeth were unusual because before this scene Lady Macbeth had acted in the love of Macbeth, but in scene 7 she started to love the power and control more than Macbeth, greed overcame the better of her. Overall I think that in act 1 scene 7, Lady Macbeth used Macbeth for her own selfish reasons. Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth to murder King Duncan, which is one of the major tragedies in the story, so Lady Macbeth has an important role of the incident, which had occurred. As being the dominated one in their relationship Lady Macbeth uses all her control over Macbeth to make Macbeth murder king Duncan. She also challenges his patriarchy to make him murder the King. For example, when Lady Macbeth says When you durst do it, then you were a ma n. Now that Macbeth is trying to back out of it, Lady Macbeth is calling him a coward and torments him to do the murdering. She also says Wouldst thou have that which thou esteemst the ornament of life and live a coward in thine own esteem In other words, Lady Macbeth uses the power of love to persuade him. She also says if you love me you would kill him straight away with no hesitation. Lady Macbeth says I have given suck and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this. In this quotation Lady Macbeth stirs Macbeth even more when Lady Macbeth challenges their love relationship on the basis of the decision, he eventually gives in and murders King Duncan. I think that Lady Macbeth is presented as an innocent and loving wife but in act 1 scene 7 she really is an malicious and selfish wife, and this is when her true colours sho w. At first Lady Macbeth is perceived as a wife that is dominated by her husband, what ever Macbeth says and does goes, but in act 1 scene 7, it tells us more about her true character. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth what to do and how to do it. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth so much that she takes his manhood away and turns him into a slave where he has no power and no control over the decisions he makes. Macbeth is not fully convinced to kill the king he is confused and fear of appearing as a coward in front of his wife, this is why, Macbeth kills king Duncan to prove how much he loves his wife and that he is man enough to do so. If Lady Macbeth did not persuade Macbeth to murder the king, I think that Macbeth would have not did it because when he left the table he had made his decision, which was to not to kill the king. Lady Macbeth uses all of her power and womanhood to persuade Macbeth but the major impact on his decision that persuaded Macbeth to go ahead with the murder was when Lady Macbeth involves there love for each other. .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .postImageUrl , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:hover , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:visited , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:active { border:0!important; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:active , .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42 .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u522e860aaaac5629a7a40d244d051f42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: three kind of disciplines EssayThe main theme and issues in act 1 scene 7, are that Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are presented differently because Lady Macbeth is shown to be an loving wife but really she is a wife who is malicious. Macbeth is recognized as a fearless warrior and in front of Lady Macbeth it is a different matter because she has control over him. The tragedy that occurred in the play Macbeth, was when Macbeth was challenged by Lady Macbeth and by the three witches. The story Macbeth is a tragedy because he is forced to become evil and gets caught up in the situation to murder the king. This all started when the three witches said that he could become king, Macbeths greed of the monarchy lead him to murder the king, where on the other hand he should have reacted in the same way that Banquo did. The character in the story that was responsible for the murder was Lady Macbeth because she was the one who thought of what to do, and persuaded him to kill the king. Lady Macbeth was the one behind the murder, but Macbeth could too be blamed because he could have stood his ground but instead he was manipulated by his wife. Blaming Macbeth, I also feel pity for him because he suffered through out the act where he talked to himself and this showed a sign of madness and then his wife dies, the one who he loved. He also had to murder his g ood friend, Banquo. Overall, I conclude that in act 1 scene 7, Shakespeare has expressed the true nature of the characters and what they go through in the murdering of the true King. In this scene I have come across the characters changes, in a quote from the play Macbeth was regarded as Brave Macbeth well he deserves that name Which smokd with bloody execution Which neer shook hands, nor bade farewell to him In other words, Macbeth was recognized as a brave warrior whom loved blood, but then Macbeth changes into a coward and an insignificant person. Lady Macbeth changes into an authoritative lady who controls Macbeth, to do what she say, for example the murder of King Duncan. This scene was an important role in the play not only realising what the characters thought and felt but the scene also inspired the audience to read on.

Understanding Product Knowledge When Purchasing A Computer Essays

Understanding Product Knowledge: When Purchasing A Computer Understanding Product Knowledge: When Purchasing a Computer Buying a computer seems like a daunting task to many. There are many factors to consider when making a purchase. Brand name, functionality, speed and customer support are just some of the factors that one must consider when researching the options. In order to wisely purchase a computer, one must attain a considerable amount of product knowledge, to get the most value for their dollar. Consumers have different levels of product knowledge, which they can use to interpret information and make product choices. (Peter 64) When researching computers, product knowledge could range in consumers minds from abstract to less abstract thoughts about the options. Within this scope of abstract to less abstract options could be 4 sub-categories of product knowledge. These include product class, product form, brand name and the model or features. The most abstract and first of the four categories is product class. This is the most basic of the four categories. Simply for this demonstration, the product class being discussed is a desktop computer or generally the product type. Now this class differs slightly from some other similar computing product classes such as laptop computers, mainframes and personal digital assistants (PDAs). The second of the four sub-categories is product form. The basic product form differentiation that one must make is what do you need a computer for and if you need a home-based PC or business-based PC. This would be considered identifying the product class, a home-based system versus a business based-one. The fact is that the average home user who needs a general-purpose PC to go on the Internet and run productivity applications differs little from the average worker in an office. Indeed, the actual features in a vendor's business line does not differ much from what's in the home, except at the extreme end of the spectrum, such as a non-upgradeable closed-box corporate PC versus a loaded gamer's system with all the entertainment trappings that a business user would find superfluous. (MSN) If the computer is strictly for business or word processing purposes and will rarely be relied upon for gaming and multi-media applications than sound and graphics components are less important beca use there's little need to keep up with the newest games that require the best graphics and sound components. In a nutshell, corporate PCs offer stable network-oriented configurations that may not necessarily offer cutting-edge performance. The third sub-category of product knowledge is brand name. There are tons of brand names to sort through when choosing a computer. Some are more commonly prevalent than others. For instance IBM, Hewlett Packard, Dell, Gateway and Compaq are some of the largest and most commonly recognized brand names in the computer industry. But over the past five years newer players have entered the market. Now you can find computers made by Toshiba, E-Machines, Packard Bell and Sony. Also a raging trend over the last few years are bare bones systems used by do it yourself computer builders. With the advent of plug and play hardware technology, putting together your own system with exactly the hardware and software you would like is possible and relatively easy. You customize the options, buy all the components separately and then build it yourself. This option can also be less expensive than buying a big-box unit from one of the larger players in the industry. The brand name sub-category can be ta ken a step further than just the name on the outside of the case. The brand name of the processor, the main cog in the operation of the computer is heavily competed within the industry. You can buy computers with Pentium based processors made by Intel or Athlon/Duron processors made by AMD. Certain companies use specific branded processors which can even further dilute the decision making process. Marketers are very aware of a consumers interest in a brand name and they attempt to educate them about a brand, and influence them to buy that brand. (Peter, 65) The least abstract but most important sub-category of consumer product knowledge are model or features of the product. Some consumers have more knowledge about models, a more concrete level of product knowledge than brands. (Peter, 65) With

Free Essays on Asian Rain Forest Deforestation

Deforestation in Asia and the Effects on the Environment and its Peoples† Today, the logging and rate of deforestation of Asian forests is at an all time high. National governments are making a profit from the logging rights to the forests but it is at the expense of the indigenous peoples of the areas. Unless there is an immediate change in this, there will be no way of saving the forests for future generations and the indigenous peoples will lose the way of life they have grown accustomed to. â€Å"The term â€Å"indigenous† has come to be applied to a politically marginalized, territorially based ethnic groups, who are culturally distinct from the majority populations of the nation states in which they have now found themselves, and who recognize themselves as indigenous† (Minority Rights Group International). Today, the Asia-Pacific region has lost over half of its original forest cover and there are no signs of that rate declining. Most of the Asian national governments have sided with the logging companies and sold parts of the forests to them. Not only are the forests being ruined, but the indigenous peoples are being run out of their homes. The indigenous peoples are dependent on the forests and they need them to sustain their lifestyles. The land on which they live is the same land where their ancestors lived. These ancestral territories are not only their economic base, they are also intimately bound up with their cosmologies and identities and comm unities as peoples. The indigenous peoples see themselves as stewards holding the land of their ancestors in trust for future generations. By cutting down the trees in their areas, it would force the indigenous peoples out of their areas and eventually force them to change their way of life. None of this seems to matter to the national governments of Asia or the loggers. They are more interested in their own well being rather than preserving the historical cultures and socie... Free Essays on Asian Rain Forest Deforestation Free Essays on Asian Rain Forest Deforestation Deforestation in Asia and the Effects on the Environment and its Peoples† Today, the logging and rate of deforestation of Asian forests is at an all time high. National governments are making a profit from the logging rights to the forests but it is at the expense of the indigenous peoples of the areas. Unless there is an immediate change in this, there will be no way of saving the forests for future generations and the indigenous peoples will lose the way of life they have grown accustomed to. â€Å"The term â€Å"indigenous† has come to be applied to a politically marginalized, territorially based ethnic groups, who are culturally distinct from the majority populations of the nation states in which they have now found themselves, and who recognize themselves as indigenous† (Minority Rights Group International). Today, the Asia-Pacific region has lost over half of its original forest cover and there are no signs of that rate declining. Most of the Asian national governments have sided with the logging companies and sold parts of the forests to them. Not only are the forests being ruined, but the indigenous peoples are being run out of their homes. The indigenous peoples are dependent on the forests and they need them to sustain their lifestyles. The land on which they live is the same land where their ancestors lived. These ancestral territories are not only their economic base, they are also intimately bound up with their cosmologies and identities and comm unities as peoples. The indigenous peoples see themselves as stewards holding the land of their ancestors in trust for future generations. By cutting down the trees in their areas, it would force the indigenous peoples out of their areas and eventually force them to change their way of life. None of this seems to matter to the national governments of Asia or the loggers. They are more interested in their own well being rather than preserving the historical cultures and socie...

Management in Apple Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management in Apple - Case Study Example This was a threat to the company in their own country. There is also a negative expression on the company contributed by poor working condition cases at Foxconn. The opportunity for Apple Company is the expected high profit of $321 per iPhones that is an evidence of a global company’s profit. 3. The assertion sounded a bit harsh because as a citizen, the executive would have considered the company’s obligation towards America vital. However, considering the aim of every company of making the profit, the executive was right because the most important thing is growth, quality, and maximum profit. 4. Some of the key stakeholders are Apple Inc., Foxconn, the society and the government who have obligations. The company has an obligation of offering best quality products to their consumers. Foxconn has an obligation of adhering to high-quality work ethics that do not interfere with the Apple’s quality brand. The government has to ensure that Apple adheres to the trade and labor laws put in place. 6. If assembled in China with better labor conditions or pay, I will pay an averagely higher price compared with the current price because there will be an increase in labor cost. However, the lower cost of raw materials in China may make the cost of production not go that high. 7. The negative media coverage has hugely affected Apple’s recent decision to ask the FLA to do an independent assessment and the subsequent decision by Foxconn to raise some salaries because the company is committed to maintaining a brand name and wants to be associated with quality but not failure in the ethical issues.

Homwork Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homwork - Research Paper Example To begin with, children with televisions in their bedroom perform poorly in school and have high propensity to have sleep problems. Also, children who have television in their bedrooms are likely to be overweight and have higher risk for smoking. According to Parker-Pope, one of the consequences of having a television in a child’s bedroom is that the child end up watching programs that are not suitable for them without the knowledge of their parents (Parker-Pope Para 3). The article presents several studies that have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of having televisions in children’s bedrooms. For instance, he presents a study that was conducted on eighty children aged between 4 to 7 years in Buffalo. The findings of the research indicated that having a television in the bedroom increased average viewing time by approximately nine hours, from 21 hours to 30 hours. According to the research, there is high probability of parents of such children with television in their bedrooms to misjudge their children’s viewing time. In the article, Professor Leonard H. Epstein argues that the parents are usually unaware of what their children watch when the televisions are put in their bedroom. The television set is usually in the child’s bedroom and it becomes difficult for parents to remove television set from the child’s bedroom. In their one two-year research, Dr. ... The researchers discovered that reducing television viewing time did not increase play rate, but the children snaked less. This research did not simply the data by bedroom television viewing. However, the journal Pediatrics, 2002, reported that children with televisions in their bedroom risk being overweight. Further, the journal Obesity reported that boys have higher risk of becoming overweight. In a French research on adolescent, boys with television in their bedrooms showed higher likelihood of having larger waist, body fat and body mass index than their counterparts with no television in their bedrooms. In another study that was conducted among 400 children in six schools in Northern California, approximately 70 percent had television in their bedrooms. These children performed significantly and constantly lower on math, reading and language-art examinations. However, children who said they have computers in their bedrooms scored higher in the tests. Despite the fact that the pro found impact of bedroom television remains oblivious, it could be a big distraction from doing homework or it obstructs sleep leading to poor performance at school. A study on kindergartens indicated that children with bedroom televisions had sleep problems. Another research of over 700 middle-school students aged between 12 and 14 revealed that children with bedroom televisions have higher likelihood of smoking. 42 percent of those who had bedroom televisions in the study smoked compared to 16 percent of those who had no bedroom television. In another article, Parents Urged Again to Limit TV for Youngest by Benedict Carey, the American Academy of Pediatrics warned parent to limit the time that their children spend on televisions, computers and self-described educational games. The

Design Of Wifi Based Tdma Protocol Information Technology Essay

Design Of Wifi Based Tdma Protocol Information Technology Essay Time division multiple access is a multiple access method for shared the channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. TDMA is successful works in cellular mobile communication for several years ago. Recently has been combined with OFDM to introduce OFDMA. TDMA also ensure fairness between nodes in the network. In vehicular scenario, we proposed TDMA protocol to work with CSMA/CA to mitigate and cope with some of the challenges in vehicular communications. In this chapter we will discuss the design of the protocol, connection messages, protocol flow and cross intercommunication between the new TDMA sublayer with CSMA/CA and PHY layers. In section 3.2 a general explanation of proposed TDMA protocol, the design of Wi-Fi-based 802.11p is discussed in Section 3.3. In Section 3.4, implementations of TDMA protocol in the simulation environment is presented. Simulation problems and implementation improvements is discussed in Section 3.5. The chapter summarization is given in Sec tion 3.6. 4.2. EXPLANATIONS OF TDMA PROTOCOL The TDMA protocol is representing as a provider client protocol, which means the protocol is centralized. The other possibility is to define a distributed or an ad hoc protocol as it is done in (Fan Yu, 2007) and (Katrin, 2009). We mean by centralized that the provider will be the only one handles the information that has given in both channels. This does not mean that all communication is going to be only unidirectional (from the provider to the client), but sometimes is going to be bidirectional communication. The provider in our case here is the RSU (Road Side Unit) and the client/station is OBUs (Onboard Units). Form now we may always use the term RSU to provider or centralized node and the OBU to client or mobile station. Here we need to implement frame of 10 ms, those frame consist of two main time slots, one of them for the control and the second one for the service or data channel, and both are using different duration. Why we chose value of 10 ms because this is currently used in many TDMA implementations i.e. WIMAX. 4.3. DESIGN OF WI-FI BASED TDMA PROTOCOL IEEE802.11 has two modes DCF and PCF. Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) relies on CSMA/CA distributed algorithm and an optional virtual carrier sense using RTS and CTS control frames (IEEE Std 802.11, 1999). If the channel is busy during the DIFS (DCF Interframe Space) interval, the station defers its transmission. Point Coordination Function (PCF) is used for infrastructure mode, which provides contention-free frame transfer for processing time-critical information transfers (W. Wang, 2003). PCF is optional in the standard and only few vendors implemented it in their adapters. Two different periods defined at PCF mode: contention-free period (CFP) and contention Period (CP). CFP uses contention free-poll frames to give stations the permission to transmit. However, PCF has many drawbacks and limitations in long distance applications (i.e. up to tens of kilometers) this due to sensitivity of the acknowledgement (ACK) messages to propagation delay which is designed for contention -free local area networks purposes. Also, once a station reserves the access to the medium, it may occupy the medium for long time without any station can interrupt its transmissions even in the high priority traffics case; i.e. if the remote station has lower data rate due to the distance, then it will take long time to release the channel (Pravin, 2003). Consequently, it has been shown that (S. Sharma, 2002) (Sridhar, 2006) TDMA based MAC is suitable for long distance propagation delay. Most of the implemented solution for long distance Wi-Fi-based network was used WiMAX like TDMA frame for conducting the PMP scenario. However, using WiMAX/TDMA above Wi-Fi is increasing the system complexity and overhead since the WiMAX/TDMA has been built for the licensed-based and Wi-Fi is built with unlicensed environment. In this research a design of TDMA over the 802.11 is presented. The function of the proposed TDMA is to disable the contention behavior of 802.11 (CSMA/CA) for contention-less MAC. In this research a new cross layer design is introduced between CSMA/CA and new logical TDMA layer, which the Wi-Fi MAC frame is encapsulated in a logical TDMA header before forwarded to IP layer. The proposed protocol stack is shown in Figure4.1. The CSMA/CA peer-to-peer protocol is disabled and replaced with TDMA peer-to-peer protocol as shown with the dot-lines. Figure.4.1. Protocol flow of the TDMA-based PMP The logical TDMA header is added between IP header and MAC header. The function of the new header is to disable the random access feature of the CSMA/CA in 802.11 and replace it by logical TDMA function, which is maintains the synchronization of the local timers in the stations and delivers protocol related parameters. The frame is shown in Figure 4.2. The proposed TDMA header contains BCCH (broadcast control channel), FCCH (frame control channel) and RA (random access). BCCH: contains general information i.e. timestamp through time_stamp_update(), SSID, BS-node capabilities and random access time interval ra_interval(). All this parameters (except the RA time interval) is prepared and copied from the beacon frame (using beacon_content()) from the Wi-Fi MAC device driver. The BCCH information helps the APs in the sleep, wakeup, transmitting and receiving times. Figure.4.2. Additional TDMA header is added to Wi-Fi frame FCCH: carries the information about the structure and format of the ongoing frame i.e. scheduler () and time_slot_builder(); containing the exact position of all slots and Tx/Rx times and guard time between them and scheduling. RACH: contains a number of random access channels (RCH). This field is uses when no schedule has been assigned to the APs in the UL fields. Non-associated APs use RA for the first contact with an AP using slot_time_request(). The flow diagram of logical control and data channels is shown in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: the flow of the virtual channels for the TDMA frame, First, the RACH frame is receiving if there any connection request from APs to BS. Then, BCCH, FCCH and AGCH broadcast their information, then transmit and receive users payload. Timer is controlling all the transmitted and received signals. Although, the new TDMA header is introduced at the cost of the performance due to the overhead, however, in the long distance applications with point-to-multiple-point infrastructure scenarios usually the numbers of stations are not too high compared with end-user part. In our scenario we consider 4 remote access points and one central access point (BS-node). By implementing TDMA_module() each APs would assigned with time slot within the TDMA frame. TDMA also saves power because each STA only needs to wake-up during these time slots in each frame. If new node (AP) wants to join the network it listens to the BCCH frame to get the initial parameters from the BS-node. Then it uses the RA period to send time_slot_request() request to the BS-node to r equest for time slot. The BS-node uses the FCCH field to update the new scheduling table in scheduler(). The TDMA_module() assigns time slots for APs by taking copy of the NAV (network allocation vector) information (NAV_update()) from the Wi-Fi MAC layer and modifying it according to the schedule scheme. NAV is considered as virtual carrier sensing which is limits the need for contention-based physical carrier sensing. This is done by setting new back_off_counter() and NAV_new() in the TDMA_module() which indicates the amount of time that medium will be reserved for each time slots. The BS-node set the NAV value to the frame length time plus any other necessary messages to complete the current operation to make sure that no station (AP) will access the channel during the frame transmission. Other stations count down from the NAV to 0. When the NAV has nonzero value, the scheduler () send back to the Wi-Fi MAC that indication that the medium is busy; before the NAV reaches 0, the ba ck_off() and NAV_new() update the Wi-Fi MAC with the new NAV. The destination address (DA) and source address (SA) in the MAC frame header and in the SSID is modified according to the new NAV and RR scheduling information. Figure4.4 shows illustrate the flow of the process in cross-layer concept, which is consisting of three layers: TDMA source code, wireless driver and hardware abstraction layer (HAL). The cross layer is performed between wireless driver and the source code. HAL is different for each hardware platform. The procedure of this approach is also below: Core Module: Repoint the WiFi_MAC_SAP to TDMA_MAC Point the MAC-TDMA_SAP to IP TDMA_module() { //modify the NAV vector for virtual (fake) busy network busy If NAV() not_equal_to_zero then { //copy the NAV value to new place to use it for new AP Network_entry Copy CSMA/CA/NAV() to CSMA/CA/NAV_old() Copy TDMA()/NAV_new() to CSMA/CA/NAV() } If NAV()=0 then { // call NAV_update() TDMA/NAV_update() Set back-off counter() Send the NAV_new() to scheduler() } Scheduler(){ //using round robin queue scheme Round_robin() } //time_slot_builderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Time_slot_builder(){ random_access(){ // See if there are any time slot request If time_slot_request(){ Time_slot()++ } else traffic(); } } //add the new TDMA header // send the broadcast control channel (BCCH) bcch(){timestamp(); ra_interval; SSID;BS-node capability}; //for the RA using the same etiquettes used by contention period (CP) at the MAC level fcch() { slots_time_builder() Set frame_format(){ Slot_time_interval; } 4.3.1 TDMA Protocol Flowchart In Vehicular Environment The RSU sends the beacon frame periodically with the free slots available in the TDMA frame. The OBU scans for the RSU beacon. If more than one RSU respond, comparisons are made on their (received signal strength indicator) RSSIs and the best one is selected after which the order of merits are applied on the other RSUs as first, second, etc candidates according to their RSSI signal strength. The OBU uses the beacon to synchronize its frame with the RSU after which the OBU sends the data in the free slots (in the coming uplink frame). A check is performed to find if the RSSI Figure.4.4. Implementation and incorporating TDMA in 802.11p protocol stack. OBU scan for the RSUs Beacon frame More than one Beacon frame Are received No Compare the different RSSIs and select the best and > threshold Yes Synchronization and clock Exchange with RSU Send data in the free slots In the UL sub-frame RSSI No Yes Figure4.5 TDMA Protocol Flowchart The TDMA frame structure is shown in Figure4. 3. The TDMA frame encapsulates the 802.11 frames in the payload subsection. The frame is repeated periodically for every 20msec (which is the length of the frame). Each frame contains the beacon filed, i.e. the broadcast control channel (BCCH) which comprises timestamp, SSID, and BS-node capabilities. The frame also contains the frame control channels which carries information on the structure and format of the ongoing frame, i.e. the slots scheduler which contains the exact position of all the slots and the Tx/Rx times and guard times. The GACH and the RACH are used for random access channel when the OBU needs to join the WBSS. The RACH is the channel that the OBUs use for association request. The GACH is the grant access channel that contains all the OBUs accepted for transmission in the next frame. The TDMA is using transmission opportunities (TXOPs) mechanism originally provided by the IEEE 802.11e to calculate the DL and UL time slots duration. The TXOP is a predefined start time and a maximum duration for the station to access the medium. A RSU will set its own NAV to prevent its transmission during a TXOP that has been granted through the OBU (Figure4. 6). Rather than categorizing the data traffic based on the voice, the data and the video as in the 802.11e, the data traffic priority categories are based on the OBUs channel quality. The RSU gives high priority to vehicles with high speed to send more frames before it leaves the WBSS. The vehicle with the high channel fading will get more number of slots. Of course, this mechanism will introduce performance anomaly, however, we can use any of the solutions available in the literature for the performance anomaly (Tavanti, 2007) (IEEE P802.11p/D3.0,2007). DCD feedback TDMA DCF EDCA PMD and PLCP Figure4.6 Channel fading parameters feedback for vehicles transmission priority and TXOP setting. 4.4. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TDMA PROTOCOL IN THE SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT In the previous section, we theoretically describe the main characteristics of the protocol which we want to design. This section explains how we implemented the ideas of this thesis by the modification Code of C++ in the Network Simulation. Although the protocol that we want to design is basically a protocol of MAC, we have to put in mind that is not only changes to be made in the MAC layer will be done. We will also have to deal with the physical and application layer. From the point of view of the provider of MAC layer is the one which is responsible to handle the various types of packages (from service and control channel). In fact, the MAC layer in the side of the provider is the one which carries the multiplexing of TDMA between the two channels (and also between various services to the interior of the channel of the service). The application, in this case, will produce the packages which will be presented in each channel. From the point of view of the client layers, MAC and application are simple. The MAC layer basically responsible; to send to application the packages which the client wants to receive (packages which belong to the channel or from desire service) or throwing the packages that not requested by the client (packets from a broadcast or unicast service the client is not interested in). The application layer will be the one that which produces the packages of the request from clients to send to the provider when they are interested by a service unicast. Well as we described in detail the characteristics of the MAC protocol designed earlier, we may carry out this idea described theirs corresponds to the last version of our protocol, to reach this execution that we programmed and examined before simple versions, the changes of the force and improvements made between the versions are related to the definition of the various services offered in the section of channel service: The first version only considered a unidirectional communication between provider and client. The reason was that we only define broadcast services in the service channel. A second version consisted in defining unicast services and hence introducing a bidirectional communication between provider and client. This new version was more complex than the previous one so we decided to divide the application we had until now (called pbc3) into two sides: the application in the provider side (pbc3) and the application in the client side (pbc3Sink). This idea of defining two sides of an application or protocol layer (to simplify its implementation) is already used in other applications or protocol layers included in the simulator as TCP. The third and last version consisted in implementing the algorithm which handles the access of more than one client to the same unicast service. This was not considered in version two. When we are programming our MAC protocol, several problems raised, which are not only in our side, but also of the limitations or the restrictions of the Network Simulation. Well, in the next section4.5 we describe and explained all, it is worth to mention a principal limitation in so much it deeply influenced the execution of our protocol. The limitation comes like more parallel flow of the data in the same node started to appear (the node can be client or provider). In our case we decided to have only one provider, this provider will produce the data of both services. This means that the provider will have more application to the function in parallel and more file test in the MAC layer (see Figure 3.2), each one associated to a different data flow. That is the reason why we are interested in parallelizing. The problem is, in so far as we know, installing parallel flows in same node; is not a task easy to make in the simulator. The most common solution is composed to use nodes as parallel flows as much of an idea used when a protocol stack is defined on the two aircraft or more (like the plan of the data and management represented on Figure 2.3). This is Explained in (GMPLS, 2006), or when we wish to have a node of multi-interface, in (NS2 Notebook). The idea is: if we cannot have more than one application function in parallel in the same node, what would be the possible solution? The answer to that, like also accentuated in section4.5, is to have only one application to function in the provider, which produces various types of packages according to the time execution. This approximation also solves the problem to have more than one queue (in parallel) in the MAC layer. We will not need various queues to store various packages due to these packages arrive at the MAC layer already in the order; they must be sent. This solution simplifies the definition of the MAC layer but made the definition of the application layer to be more complex. Although the solution taken could seem rudimentary; the fact is that the difference between the theoretical solution and rectifies is not also large particularly when to think that what we want with once examine with the protocol is implemented. After the mention and explanation of this problem we can now specify how the protocol was made. We will start to explain how application is defined in all both, client and provider. Both sides application have two principal functions: one is responsible for creation and sending of the packages to the lower layers and the other is responsible to receive the packages of the lower layer. The application in the side of the provider calls the pbc3 and has two principal functions: one for send and other for receive frame. While sending the frame we basically have to create a package (by defining its title) and send it. The provider will send various types of packages according to the execution time. Basically we will have two types of packages: the packages of management in the control channel of inspection mark and the packages of the data in the excavation of service of the channel timeslot. These packages will have various headers. In case of the packages of the zones information of the header are as in Figure 4.7: Type Service_id Time_slot seqNum lastPacket node_id Send_time Payload Figure 4.7: Fields of the application header for data frames. Service_id: Field used by the provider to indicate the service whose payload is included in the frame. Time_slot: Field that shows the subtime slot when the service is offered. SeqNum: Sequence number of the packet sent. Nowadays is only used in data packets which belong to unicast services, it is used by the provider when more than one client want to receive the same private information. LastPacket: This field is related to seqNum. It is used to indicate that the packet sent is the last one. In case of management frames the header is defined by the following fields in Figure 4.8. Type Services_ Num_services node_id Send_time Payload Information Figure4.8. Fields of the application header for management frames. services_information: It is only used in management frames. It is a vector which contains the basic information about the services offered by the provider. This basic information is defined by three fields: the first field is the identifier of the service, the second field is the subtimeslot identifier and the third field is the type of the service (as we said already before the type of the service means if the service is broadcast or if it is unicast). These three fields must be defined for each service available in the provider, the Figure 4.9 shows that. Service 1 Time Slot where Type of Service 1 Service 2 Time Slot when Type of service 2 Identifier Service 1 is offered Identifier Service 2 is offered Figure 4.9: Example of the services_information buffer when two services offered. Although in our implementation the identifier of the service and the identifier of the timeslot is the same (which means the service whose identifier is the number one will be offered in the subtime slot number one), we decided to define two variables because they would have different values in future versions of the protocol. Num_services: Value used to indicate the total number of services which are going to be offered by the provider during the service channel timeslot. Once we have explained how our application works in both sides (provider and client) we must explain the main changes done in the MAC layer. When we download the NS2.33 version there was already included an implementation of IEEE802.11a protocol. We didnt want to make use of this code because it was totally oriented to guaranty the CSMA/CA with virtual carries sense mechanism, we are not interested in. there was also simple TDMA implementation included. We decided to adapt into our requirements. We basically had to change the definition of the TDMA frame and to set up both data and management MAC headers. In contrast to the application layer there are no variables defended to make use of the MAC layer through the Tcl script. If we concentrate on the physical layer, we will see that in our version of Network Simulation NS2, there were already two physical layers for wireless communications applied: the first one called the wirelessPHY and the second one called WirelessPhyExt. We are interested to use this last version of the physical channel basically it presented an important concept for us: it supports multiple arrangements of the modulation. WirelessPhyExt leaves the function with BPSK, QPSK, QAM16 and QAM64 as it is described in (Qi Chen, 2008). The modulation influences certain important characteristics such as the rate of header information and minimum sensitivity of the receiver, according to the indications the Figure 3.3 of, and consequently the period of the data of transmission and SINR necessary to receive it and to decode it. The only problem is that this new version of the wireless channel must be used together with an extension of the MAC layer called Mac802_11Ext. We were not interested in using that one for the same reason we were not interested in using the Mac802_11 version; and for that we decided to introduce the multiple modulation schemes in the WirelessPhy layer. Another important point when working low layers of the WAVE protocol stack is to think about how the channel is modelled in NS2. There are four different types of channel propagation defined and include in NS2.33, The free space model, the Two-Ray Ground reflection model, the Shadowing model and the Nakagami model. The first three models are well described in (The NS manual, 2008). 4.5 SIMULATION PROBLEMS AND IMPLIMENTATION IMPROVEMENTS Here we explained the reason for which we are interested to study the technology of TDMA in the V2I communications and the process followed to define and apply our protocol. By creating a new protocol, sometimes it is not possible to design the theoretical idea that we had because of some limitations presented by the simulator. It is also possible that our execution could be improved at the points given. We must realize that although the protocol seems to be complex sometimes, many improvements could be made to obtain the best and more specific results. The idea of this section is just to explain the main problems found when elaborating our protocol and to suggest some future improvements. If we refer first to the problems found when we were working we must clarify that most of them are not really problems (in the sense of bugs found when executing the protocol) but limitations the simulator has which do not allow us to define the protocol as we wanted to. There are three main limitations we want to point out: The first is already mentioned in the previous section. The problem is related to the parallel data flows in a node. We were interested by this fact of being able not only to have more application to the function in parallel in the same node (as explained in the section 4.4) but to also define the two planes of protocol, data and planes of management, in the same node (that we can see Figure 2.3) although this last idea was thrown it required of much work to make. In section 4.4 we adopted easy and the fast solution which does not have affected the results obtained. But there is other solutions, simplest is composed to define nodes as many, in the code of TCL, as data flows we need and link these nodes through a router. To explain it easily: we will have one node per each data queue (see Figure 3.3) and one router that handle the information from each node. This solution is based in the actual implementation of the Diffserv queues in the NS (Definition of physical queues) where virtual and physical queues are used (Implementing multiqueue). In our case we will need at least two nodes: one for the data of the control channel and the other for the data of the service channel, in case only one service is offered. We must realize this solution involves changes in the Tcl code which leads to a simple C++ implementation. Another solution, which could be considered as an improvement is to have only one application running on the provider that generates different types of packets but instead of doing it as a function of the execution time, it could generate them randomly and give the work of organize them to the link layer. In this case we will need to define an algorithm in charge of finding the desired packets in the unique queue that exists in the link layer and sending them in the correct order to the MAC layer. There is a third solution which allows having an implementation closer to the one specified in the standards ((IEEE 802.11, 2007) and (Implementing multiqueue)). The idea consists of adapting the definition of the queue done nowadays in the implementation 802.11e standard which is included in the simulator. As we can see in (Design and verification, 2003) this implementation requires changes in the definition of the class queue which allows having multiples queues by creating them in an array (Evaluation of IEEE 802.11e). The source code of this new type of queue can be found in (Evaluation of IEEE 802.11e). The second limitation is related to the synchronization of the nodes. Those nodes can be an OBU or a RSU. The NS is a simulator based in events controlled by timers. The fact is, as it is pointed out in IEEE 1609.4 standard in (Yunpeng, 2007) all the nodes require to be synchronized before communication. The synchronization is especially important when using TDMA technology and it is a process which will be carried on when any OBU enters in the communication area of a new RSU in a centralized system. The fact is that in the NS tool all the nodes implemented (in the Tcl code) have the same time basis which means they do not need any synchronization because they are already synchronized. If we are interested in defining the synchronization process we should first desynchronize the nodes by manipulating their timers. In our case we will consider the RSU time basis to be the one the other nodes must to synchronize on. Each OBU will have to follow a synchronization process before receiving data frames from the RSU. The idea could be the following: the first time an OBU receives frames from a new RSU it gets the timestamp of the RSU and, after adding the delay produced by the propagation of the frame to this timestamp, adjusts its timers. Calculate the delay or time difference between the RSU and the OBU is not complicated. The only idea which does not seem clear is how to set up different time basis in the nodes. The third and last limitation is related to the anti-collisions mechanism used in the MAC layer mainly based in CSMA/CA algorithm. We detected the problem when executing our code: we found there were collisions between request frames when a considered number of OBUs were interested in receiving information about the same unicast service. Those collisions should not take place if we keep in mind each node is supposed to be able of sense the medium to see whether it is busy before sending any kind of frame. Why this type of collisions is produced? As we explained earlier, it is necessary to present intervals of guard to the end of each time slit to avoid collisions between the reinforcements produced by various devices (OBUs and RSU in our case) but in this case the collisions due are produced to different OBUs send braces of request really narrowly in time and, because of them cannot detect if the medium is with vacuum or not, a collision is produced and detected by the RSU. When working with the NS tool we are not able to do all the things we want to, not only because of some restrictions or limitations the tool has (as we explained before) but also because of time we did not implement all the ideas which came to our mind and we must simplify and focus our work. Because of this lack of time there exist a lot of points in our protocol which could be improved. Some of these points are explained in the following paragraphs. If we focus in the implementation of the control channel the most important improvement which could be done is to introduce critical frames and implement the process each node has to follow when receiving those frames. Introducing those types of frames will be really interesting because we can see how to handle both types of information (critical and no critical) and we would make a better use of the control channel than we do in our actual implementation. If we pay attention to the service channel there are some things which could be improved, the ideas are summarized in the following points: In the actual implementation there is not any prioritization between nodes, which means when two or more nodes want to receive the same information (which is unicast) the first who ask for it is the first which receives the data. One possibility is to define the priority as a function of the position of each OBU with respect to the RSU. It sounds coherent to give higher priority to the nodes that are closer to the RSU because of their small latency (time necessary to consume a service). Basically the latency is smaller because the propagation time (one of the terms

Crew Personalities on the Mission to Mars Essay -- Psychology Space Sc

Crew Personalities on the Mission to Mars The importance of psychology in space flight has been well documented and addressed by NASA and other organizations conducting space exploration. A manned mission to Mars has no precedent. The Apollo missions to the moon are the most similar attempts at space exploration, but these were significantly shorter in duration, did not have the difficulties in communicating with earth that the huge distance between Earth and Mars poses, and the experiments performed were not nearly as complex as those that would be done on Mars (ie. tests for life, carbonates, and underground ice). These new variables leave us with unknown psychological and physiological threats that no one can truly predict â€Å"expertly†, and as a result leadership and how well the crew works together will be more important than ever. In the novel Red Mars, characters each have different personalities, which end up strongly influencing their behavior and attitude on the flight to Mars, as well as once they se t up their community on the surface of Mars. While no character possesses an ideal personality for the mission, each exhibits personality traits that are beneficial to the mission, and others that become obstacles to success. The identification of positive and negative personality characteristics in these hypothetical characters allows the development of ideal standards for the personalities of each crew member based on their function. Michel clearly begins to succumb to some of the basic psychological difficulties associated with life in an isolated environment. The conditions on Mars are described well in Red Mars_The bleak plain surrounding the base was a vision out of some post-holocaust desolation, a night mare... ...ed likelihood of success is worth the additional funds that might be needed to do so. Works Cited Gleitman, Henry et al. Psychology. 5th edition. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. New York. 1999 Holland, Al. Psychology of Spaceflight. In: Human Spaceflight. Mission Analysis and Design. Larson and Pranke Eds, McGraw hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-236811-X. Chapter 7 Mabry, Edward A. et al. The Dynamics of Small Group Communication. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1980 Morris, Larry Wayne. Extraversion and Introversion: An Interactional Perspective. Hemisphere Publishing Co. Washington, D.C. 1979 Payne, John W., et al. The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1993 Rasmussen, John E. Ed. Man in Isolation and Confinement. Aldine Publishing Company. Chicago. 1973 Robinson, Kim Stanley. Red Mars. Bantam Books. New York. 1993 Crew Personalities on the Mission to Mars Essay -- Psychology Space Sc Crew Personalities on the Mission to Mars The importance of psychology in space flight has been well documented and addressed by NASA and other organizations conducting space exploration. A manned mission to Mars has no precedent. The Apollo missions to the moon are the most similar attempts at space exploration, but these were significantly shorter in duration, did not have the difficulties in communicating with earth that the huge distance between Earth and Mars poses, and the experiments performed were not nearly as complex as those that would be done on Mars (ie. tests for life, carbonates, and underground ice). These new variables leave us with unknown psychological and physiological threats that no one can truly predict â€Å"expertly†, and as a result leadership and how well the crew works together will be more important than ever. In the novel Red Mars, characters each have different personalities, which end up strongly influencing their behavior and attitude on the flight to Mars, as well as once they se t up their community on the surface of Mars. While no character possesses an ideal personality for the mission, each exhibits personality traits that are beneficial to the mission, and others that become obstacles to success. The identification of positive and negative personality characteristics in these hypothetical characters allows the development of ideal standards for the personalities of each crew member based on their function. Michel clearly begins to succumb to some of the basic psychological difficulties associated with life in an isolated environment. The conditions on Mars are described well in Red Mars_The bleak plain surrounding the base was a vision out of some post-holocaust desolation, a night mare... ...ed likelihood of success is worth the additional funds that might be needed to do so. Works Cited Gleitman, Henry et al. Psychology. 5th edition. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. New York. 1999 Holland, Al. Psychology of Spaceflight. In: Human Spaceflight. Mission Analysis and Design. Larson and Pranke Eds, McGraw hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-236811-X. Chapter 7 Mabry, Edward A. et al. The Dynamics of Small Group Communication. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1980 Morris, Larry Wayne. Extraversion and Introversion: An Interactional Perspective. Hemisphere Publishing Co. Washington, D.C. 1979 Payne, John W., et al. The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge University Press. New York. 1993 Rasmussen, John E. Ed. Man in Isolation and Confinement. Aldine Publishing Company. Chicago. 1973 Robinson, Kim Stanley. Red Mars. Bantam Books. New York. 1993

Three Stages of the Child Development

Question 2: What are three stages of child development? Maria Montessory divided the process of child development into tree stages. 1. First stage: Absorbent Mind (0-6 years) This is the period of transformation and the characteristic of this period is known as the Absorbent Mind. The child absorbs environment into himself. The child creates the person she will become once given an appropriate and specially prepared environment to work. Montessori said that during the absorbent mind, the Sensitive Periods are at the strongest and facilitates the child's learning process.This period can be divided into two sub-phases. Unconscious Absorbent Mind (0-3 years). The child cannot be dictated in this period nor can be directly influenced by the adults. The child learns unconsciously from his environment by using his senses of seeing and hearing. No formal schooling is suggested in this period however provision of a suitable environment greatly helps a child in making good early impressions o f the world around him. Children under the age of three, do not need to have lessons in order to learn, they simply absorb everything in the environment by experiencing it, being part of it.It is therefore important that the environment set up is good, nice and positive since this is what the child will absorb whether he chooses to or not. Conscious Absorbent Mind (3-6 years). Child becomes sensitive to adult influence. The period from 3 to 6 years of age is a period of conscious construction when the child takes consciously from the environment. This is the bless time to play. The child realizes the environment by the work of his hands. The child starts building personality basing on the impressions stored during first three years of his life.The sense of touch gets coordinated with the mind. Hands become a prime tool of learning. This is also a time of social development. The child wants to have company of other children and can be separated from mother for short periods of time. Children of this age are also very drawn to activities that engage the five senses. Montessori materials are designed to clearly isolate specific concepts such as length, weight, shape, size and color. Children learn to compare and contrast using their senses of smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing. 2. Second stage: Later Childhood (6-12 years)For many children, these years from six to twelve are the glory years–a time of calm and steady growth and expansion of interests. At approximately six to seven years of age, children experience a major transformation. This transformation leads from the sponge-like absorbent mind of early childhood to the reasoning, thinking adult mind. This is the period when children develop logical thinking skills. They have to think and consciously study in order to learn. During the stage of the absorbent mind, learning happened almost automatically through exposure, but the reasoning mind needs to be consciously engaged in the learning process.T his is a period of uniform growth, an intermediate period or the second stage of childhood. At this stage children are more stable, calm and of great energy. As the child has mastered most of the basic human skills, he no longer has the Absorbent mind but learn through reasoning using his imagination to explore further. It is also a period of self discovery and a period for developing characters, morals and ethics. Montessori offers an exciting idea for guiding education: â€Å"The secret of good teaching is to regard the child’s intelligence as a fertile field in which seeds may be sown, to grow under the heat of flaming imagination.Our aim therefore is not merely to make the child understand, and still less to force him to memorize, but so to touch his imagination as to enthuse him to his inmost core. † (Montessori, 1967, pg. 15). Maria Montessori identified three primary developmental drives of the elementary years. First, the child develops a voracious appetite for facts. Second, the child enters a period of moral formation and begins to ask questions about right and wrong. Third, his imagination becomes his most powerful learning tool.To feed this hungry mind and active imagination, Maria Montessori suggests that children need a vision of the whole universe starting with the solar system, the history and geography of the earth. Only a vision of the universe offers a framework for understanding all of the component parts. On the moral level, it helps children begin to understand that they are part of an integrated whole. 3. Third stage: Transformation (12-18 years) This is a period of Transformation, both physically and psychologically. Mentally, they have developed logical thinking and do not like to be told or pressure into learning.During this time, age twelve to eighteen years others become more important. Little by little they leave the family, first emotionally then physically. This is hard on parents. Parents are asked to see the adult in the child. Parents need to change how they talk. What was appropriate before is not anymore. They see adulthood coming and are very interested in themselves. All children at this age have an inferiority complex. They are convinced they are being watched. They imagine everyone is looking at them. They don’t have a stable inside or outside anymore. It is also a very idealistic time.They need to be exposed to heroes and idealists. They want to know they have a role to play. They respond to people who make a difference. The hardest part in our society is that they are seen as useless. Society is telling them there is no place for them until they get older. The way out for this is often the arts, music and drama. This is the time that the child develops significant relationships with other adults. There is a decrease in IQ during this period. The child has a decreased interest in academic learning when they are really growing and going through great physical changes.It is a ti me to train for self-sufficiency. Connect lessons with practical, concrete experiences. This is a good time to learn about the independence and interdependence of nature. Like the first stage of development it is also divided again into two sub-phases: Puberty (12-15 years) At this stage the child is like a new born baby. His character is seldom stable and there are signs of indiscipline and rebellion. The advent of puberty indicates the end of childhood. Marked physical changes take place and the child becomes very sensitive of his self.All the confidence and joyfulness of the childhood is suddenly lost. At this stage, the child needs full emotional support of parents and teachers. Adolescence (15-18 years). This period is marked with an attitude of rebellion, discouragement, hesitation, and doubts. There is an unexpected decrease in intellectual capacity as compared to an extrovert of 6-12 years. The creativeness takes charge. The child now transforming into adulthood wants to exp lore the world. Sensitive to criticism and hates to be ridiculed. Parents and teachers need to accommodate mistakes and encourage new ideas.

The Achievement Of The Millennium Development Goals

Electrification is widely believed to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), based on the assumption that sustainable access to modern energy services fosters economic and social development, and leads to improvements in the quality of life. Yet, particularly in rural Sub Saharan Africa electrification rates are still low, as not far beyond 36 % (as of international study) of the population use electricity. In rural Ethiopia, the electrification rate is even considerably lower. As part of the efforts to achieve the MDGs it is among the national policy priorities of most countries to improve access to electricity – be it via extension of the national grid or decentralized electricity. The national target for Ethiopia, for example, is to augment the overall electrification rate to 90 % by 2015 – a lot times the rate in 1998 E.C. The international donor community joins these efforts and has increased its support to the energy sector in ge neral and electrification projects in particular. As part of these international Endeavours’s, World Bank, Bank of Arab for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA), the Kuwait Fund, African Development Bank (AFDB) and bilateral cooperation from development partner countries like Indian Government envisages the sustainable provision of access to modern energy for rural community within the country. 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